Thu Dec 17 1998
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Sum: Sunshower
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Message 1: Sunshower summary
Date: Wed, 16 Dec 1998 21:29:58 -0500 (EST)From: Bert Vaux <vauxfas.harvard.edu>
Subject: Sunshower summary
On November 6, 1998, I posted a request for words or expressions forthe term sunshower (LINGUIST 9.1565), and the number of responses wasoverwhelming. I have summarized the responses below, arrangedalphabetically by language. Many thanks to all of you who wrote inwith your ideas; I have tabulated the list of respondents at the endof this letter.
Bert VauxAssistant professor of LinguisticsHarvard University
ReferencesBeccaria, G. L. (1995) I Nomi del Mondo, Turin, Einaudi, pp. 135-149.(More data, in particular concerning Italian and Romance dialects.)Blust, Robert (1998) The Fox's Wedding. Manuscript, University of Hawaii.[Contains many interesting expressions for the sunshower, along withrelated beliefs.]Dal', V. (1989) Tolkovyi slovar' zhivogo velikorusskogo jazyka.Evgen'jeva, A. P., ed. (1985-) Slovar' russkogo jazyka v 4 tomakh, 3rdedition. Moscow.Kuusi, Matti (1957) Regen bei Sonnenschein: Zur Weltgeschichte einerRedensart. 'Folklore Fellows Communications' n. 171, Helsinki 1957 (itappeared translated into Italian in the journal 'Quaderni di Semantica'13 (1992) and 14 (1993)).Hoffmann-Krayer, E. (1930-31) Handwrterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens.Berlin and Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter.Lisician, Srbui (1983) Armjanskie starinnye pljaski. Erevan.Rohlfs, Gerhard (19XX) Calabria e Salento: Saggi di storia linguistica.Ravenna: Longo Editore.
Abkhaz1. 'the devils are getting married' (Zihni Sener)
Amharic1. djib y9w9ldal 'the hyena is giving birth'
Arabic1. firan biyidjawazo 'the rats are getting married' (Syria andLebanon)
Aramaic1. de:we go:ri:lu 'the wolves are marrying' (EstiphanPanoussi-Sena:ya dialect of Iranian Kurdistan, spoken in the Sanandagharea)
Armenian1. djindjuxvon harsnike 'bird's wedding' (Ko'pru'cu', northeasternTurkey)2. ku'lashagh 'wolf shower' (Amatuni, Hayots' Barr u Ban (1912:69))3a. gel9 tghay e berum 'the wolf is bearing a son' (Tiflis--TerAghekhsandrean 1886:83)3b. 'the wolf is having a baby' (Vank', Karabagh-Artashes Petrosyan)3c. geltsnknuk 'wolf birth' (Ararat, Margari--Malxaseanc' 1944.1.410)3d. gelts'rrt'el, gelts'9rel, gel9 ts'rrt'um 'wolf birth' (Alashkertand Archesh--Amatuni, Hayots' Barr u Ban (1912:69), Malxaseanc'1944.1.410)4. gilu harsanik' or gayli harsanik' 'wolf's wedding' (Edjmiatsinregion)5. gel9 sar9 kts'nkni 'the wolf is giving birth on the mountain'6. eghnik9 sar9 cni k9 'the little hind is giving birth on themountain'7. arevmagh 'sun shower' (Kars--Amatuni, Hayots' Barr u Ban(1912:69))8. arewts'ogh (Mush--Amatuni, Hayots' Barr u Ban (1912:69))9. kot'ashagh [kot' '?' + shagh 'shower'] (Ghazax, Kot')
Azeri1. 'the jackal is giving birth' (some dialects, e.g.Zagatala-Balakent--Shibliye.asmozart.emu.edu.tr)
Bislama1. Ol devel oli maredPL devil AGR marry'The devils are getting married'[Vanuatu (SW Pacific)--Miriam Meyerhoff]
Bulgarian1a. sl'nce gree, dyzhd vali, mechkata se zheni 'the sun is shining, itis raining, the bear is getting married' (Vassil Karloukovski)1b. sl'nce gree mechka se zheni 'the bears are getting married'(Bissera Pentcheva)2. 'the devil is getting married' (Vassil Karloukovski, collectedfrom a woman of about 50 years old, who heard it from her gradmother, arefugee from Lozengrad, in the Turkish part of Thrace)3. 'the vixen (female fox) is getting married' (Velingrad (in the NWRhodopes, some 100 km to the SE from Sofia)--Vassil Karloukovski)
Cape Verdean1. A sunshower on one's wedding day means that the groom has eatenunheated food. (Marlyse Baptista)
Catalan1. Plou i fa sol, les bruixes se pentinenPlou i fa sol, les bruixes porten dol.'It rains and it shines, the witches comb (their hair)It rains and it shines, the withches wear mourning (clothes)'(Lleida province, Catalonia--Miguel Carrasquer Vidal says thathis mother sings this song whenever a sunshower occurs)
Croatian1. sunce i kisha, fratri se zhenu 'sun and rain, monks are gettingmarried' (the dialect of Korchula, Dalmatia--Damir Kalogjera)2. cigani se zhene 'gypsies are getting married' (Banja Luka,Bosnia-Damir Kalogjera)
Dutch (see also Flemish)1a. kermis in de hel 'fair in hell' (literally 'Kermis in the hell')(near 's-Hertogenbosch in the province of Noord-Brabant and learnedfrom my father, whose family comes from Vlissingen (Zeeland)--Pius ten Hacken)1b. het is kermis in de hel 'there's a fair in Hell' (Irina Rempt)1c. kermis in de hel: de duivel slaat zijn wijf/moer 'fair in hell:The devil beats his wife/mother' (Sijmen Tol?)1d. kermen in de hel: de duivel slaat zijn wijf/moer 'groaning inhell: The devil beats his wife/mother' (Sijmen Tol?)2. 'monkey's wedding' (according to Lynne Murphy, this expression isused in both Dutch and Afrikaans)
English1a. monkey's wedding [South Africa--A dictionary of south africanenglish on historical principles; London--Timothy Ostler, London(but he may have learned it in South Africa; Zimbabwe-Brian Saccente]1b. monkey's birthday [Oregon--Peter McGraw; Mai Kuha, Spain, learnedfrom British expatriates; Southern China-Kevin McGrath]2. fox's wedding (SW England-Dave Cragg; see Comment 1 below)3. donkey's wedding (the woman who used this form grew up in bothIndia and England, so it is not clear which was the source of thisexpression)4. sunshower [Vaux; many of the English-speaking respondentsindicated that they had not heard this term; others indicated that itreferred to intense sun without rain, parallel to French bain desoleil]5a. the devil's beating his wife (behind the back door) [Mississippi,Georgia, Tennessee, South Carolina and numerous other Southern states;St. Thomas]5b. When it rains when it shines, the devil's beating his wife with acodfish [Yorkshire--Patrick Taylor; he adds that the intention isprobably dirty--cf. Elizabethan codware 'testicles']5c. the devil's kissing his wife (Tennessee--Lynn Webster)6. liquid sunshine [Hawaii--Ernie Barreto, Susan Fischer]7. Indian shower (Ernie Barreto)
Comments:1. I came across a small piece in the Guardian Weekly newspaper referringto the fox's wedding. (The Guardian Weekly is a digest of the Guardian,and is ditributed overseas. The article was probably in a section of thepaper called 'Country Diary'; if pushed, I'd say it was after 1990.) Itseems this term is used in parts of the south west of England. The articlespeculated that perhaps the term had originally been 'the folks' wedding',but I don't think there was any evidence for that. (Dave Cragg)2. One individual from Vidalia, GA stated that 'the devil's beating hiswife' was employed to refer to thunder with no rain.3. Neal Magnusson remembered hearing the phrase 'the devil's beating hiswife' used in a rock song, and Emily Tucker recalled reading it in anovel.
Fijian1. 'monkey's birthday' (Standard Fijian--Paul Geraghty)2. 'softener of the sun' (Fijian communalect--Paul Geraghty)3. 'damper of the dust' (Fijian communalect--Paul Geraghty)4. 'chaser of the sun' (Fijian communalect--Paul Geraghty)5. 'siar's wedding' (Paul Geraghty, from a Fijian-Indian friend; siarapparently is a small deer-like animal for which his informant knewneither the English nor the Fijian)
Finnish1. Aurinko paistaa, vetta' sataa, Manalassa ha'ita' juodaan 'It israining, the sun is shining, a wedding is being celebrated in Hades'(literally, the verb for celebrating is 'drink' as this is, after all,Finnish.) [Arto Anttila]2. Aurinko paistaa, vetta' sataa, kettu vietta'a' ha'ita 'the fox isgetting married'. [Arto Anttila; the last part is literally fox.SGcelebrate-3.SG wedding-PL-PAR; 'wedding' only occurs in the plural.]3. hiiret vietta'a' ha'ita' 'mice are getting married' (NiinaRipatti)
Flemish (see also Dutch)1. Het is kermis in de hel 'they're having a fair in hell' (literally'It's Kermis in the hell' (West Flanders, Belgium--Wim Vandenbussche,BertBultinck, Alex Housen (who mentions that the expression is alsolisted in Van Dale's Dutch dictionary); kermis/ kermess is an annualoutdoor fair in the Low Countries, which also happens to be depictedin a famous painting by Brueghel)
Galician1a. Chove e quenta o sol, Vai o demo para Ferrol 'It rains and the sunshines, the devil goes to Ferrol (a Galician coastal city).[Sometimes it continues as follows:]E vai zoupando nas mulleres con coitelos e culleres 'Beating thewomen with knifes and spoons.' (Xose L. Regueira)1b. Chove e fai sol, anda o demo en/no Ferrol'it rains and it's sunny, the devil must be in Ferrol' (MaiteTaboada) [does 'anda' actually mean 'is going' rather than 'mustbe?--BV]
Georgian1. 'the sun is washing its face'
German1. Wann et raent un De Sonn schingk, haet der Duewel Kirmes 'when itrains and the sun shines, the devil has a parish fair' (Koelsch, thedialect of Cologne; found by Thomas Shannon in Adam Wrede, NeuerKoelnischer Sprachschatz)2. Sonnenregen 'sun-rain'
Greek1a. Ilios ke vroxi, padrevode i ftoxi. Ilios ke xioni, padrevode iarxodi'Sun and rain, poor people are getting married;Sun and snow, rich people are getting married.' (Christina Kakava,Paul Fallon)1b. ilyos ke vroxi, padrevode i ftoxiilyos ke fegari, padrevode i Vulghari'Sun and rain, the poor are getting married;sun and moon, the Bulgarians are getting married.' (PhoevosPanagiotidis)1c. 'Sun and rain, the poor are getting married' (Amalia Arvaniti)2. Iljos me dhondia 'sun with teeth' (Alexis Dimitriadis)
Comments1. The form 'arxontoi' is idiomatic for 'arxontes'. My guess is that thesong used the -oi (rare and non-standard) form to make it as close to'xioni' as possible in terms of rhyme, given also that the stress is on'ar.'xo.ntoi' as opposed to 'ar.xo.ntes'. (Thalia Chantziara)2. The last line of version #1 may have a variant involving jitoni'neighbors'. (Paul Fallon)3. My grandpa (1910-1997) was a member of the Greek minority of Istanbul /Constantinople. He used to sing this popular children's song (#2) from hisown childhood every time I would marvel at a sunshower as a kid, with theadded explanation that Bulgarians=rich people (unless he himself had madethis up to entertain me, Bulgarians are not stereotypically rich anywherein South Eastern Europe). (Phoevos Panagiotidis)4. 'Sun with teeth' means that, although there is a sun in the sky (i.e. aclear day, not covered with clouds), nevertheless the sun is notgenerating any heat and it is actually cold. I am assuming it implies thata sun with teeth bites you just like the cold bites you. In short, thephrase is said of a cold day's sun and has nothing to do with sunshower.(Thalia Chantziara)
Gujarati1. nago varsad 'naked rain' (Sabbir Kolya)
Hindi1. 'the jackal's wedding' (Bihar, north India--Lynne Hewitt)
Hungarian1a. veri az ordog a feleseg-e-tbeats the devil the wife-3poss-acc'the devil's beating his wife'(Edit Jakab, Emily Tucker)1b. ordog veri a feleseget 'the devil is beating his wife' (GaborFencsik)
Indonesian1. hujan panas 'hot/sunny rain' (Ben Zimmer)
Italian1. balano le strie 'the witches are dancing' (Veneto dialect)2. quando piove col sole, si sposano le volpi 'when it rains withsun, the foxes are getting married' (Calabria and Salento regions--Rohlfs19XX.138)3. La piov e la fai souleh 'Piove e fa sole,e la rane i zoump ad 'ort e la rana salta nell'orto,e lou babbe se trove mort e il rospo si trova morto,darrei la porte nostre dietro la porta nostra'[Guardia Piemontese, Calabria; this is part of a longer song thatI haven't processed yet.]4. 'the fox is making love' (Corsica--Hoffmann-Krayer 1930, 3.183)
Japanese1. kitsune-no yome-iri 'fox's wedding' (literally 'fox-genitivebride-enter') (Maki Asano, Dave Cragg)2. tenki-ame 'weather rain' (Benjamin Barrett)
Comments1. There is a well-known instantiation of the 'fox's wedding' inKurosawa's film 'Dreams'.2. The kitsune no yomiire or 'fox's wedding' usually refers to aparticular pattern of light. This usually occurs late afternoon when thesun is low (but not always), and there is fairly heavy cloud cover in mostof the sky but particularly in the east. The illuminating effect of thelight on west facing surfaces is in strong contrast to nearby darksurfaces. In this part of the world (England), there are frequentsunshowers, but only a few of them would be described as a 'fox'swedding'. (Dave Cragg)
Korean1. horangi-ka changga-ga-n-ta 'a (male) tiger is getting married'(Hyoung-youb Kim; Chungmin Lee; Grace Moon)2. 'tiger rain' (Grace Moon; Chungmin Lee)3. yewu pi OR yeo-u-bi 'fox rain' (Benjamin Barrett, Shin Ja Hwang)4. haega nan nal cham-kkan-sshik ppu-ri-neunbi 'weather rain'(Benjamin Barrett)
Comments:1. changga = 'marriage from the man-side'; sijip = 'marriage from thewoman-side'2. The expression 'tiger rain' is rarely used, except by children.(Chungmin Lee)
Lithuanian1. naslaiciu asaros 'orphans' tears' (told to Linas Alsenas by hisgrandmother, who said that rain was the tears of orphans, and thatthe sun is out to dry them)
Malayalam1. kurukkante pennukettu 'fox's wedding' (Thomas Paikeday)
Norwegian1. A sunshower on one's wedding day is auspicious for the bride.(Oktor Skjaervo)
Oromo1. warabisi hindala 'the hyena is giving birth'
Polish1. Slonce swieci, deszczyk pada, Baba Jaga maslo sklada;Deszczyk pada, slonce swieci, Baba Jaga maslo kleci'When the sun is shining and the rain is raining, the witch ismaking butter'(Hanna Jakubowicz Batoreo)
Comments:This is a nursery rhyme that I remember from my childhood. 'Baba Jaga' isthe proper name of the witch from the Polish version of the Grimm's taleof Hazel and her brother. (Hanna Jakubowicz Batoreo)
Portuguese1. sol e chuva, casamento de viuva 'sun and rain, widow's wedding'(Brazil--Edson Miyamoto and several others)2. casamento de raposa 'the vixen's (female fox's) wedding'(Pernambuco and Paraiba, Northeastern Brazil--Leonor Santos; Lynne Murphy)3. Esta chover e a fazer sol,esta~o as bruxas a fazer pa~o mole'It is raining and it is shining,The witches are making soft bread'(Jose Pinto de Lima)
Comments:Since I was a little girl, I have been hearing people refer to theseshowers here in the Northeastern part of Brazil (States of Pernambuco andParaba) as 'the fox's wedding' or 'the widow's wedding'. Theseexpressions are usually used when talking to little children, andsometimes there is a short fairy tale to be told when the child seems notto know the expression. [Leonor Santos]
Romanian1. plovA eu soare, mIine-i sArbAtoare 'rain and sun, tomorrow is aholiday' (Bucharest--Donca Steriade)
Russian1. slepoj dozhd' 'blind/pale rain' [Denis Akhapkine; Evgen'jeva vol.4, p.136; Vadim Kassevitch; Liudmila Kostiukevich]2. gribnoj dozhd' 'mushroom rain' [Masha Babyonyshev, Evgen'jeva vol.1, p.347; Frank Gladney, Natalia Kondrashova; Yuri Ostrovsky; AsyaPereltsvaig]3. dozhd' popolam s solnyshkom - po utoplennike, libo pravednik pomer'Rain with sunlight deplores a drowned corpse, or death of a man ofvirtue' (Dal' 1989: 2, 452).4. carevna plachet 'XX' (Frank Gladney--see note 6)
Comments:1. In my opinion gribnoj dozhd' (in the meaning of 'sunshower') is arather new expression. I've certainly heard it. But it is usually used byrather young people living in towns. In villages gribnoj dozhd' is anywarm rain (with or without sunlight) i.e. it is a hyperonim for sunshower.[Denis Akhapkine]2. gribnoj dozhd' is in common use, at least in the Northern parts ofRussia, but the meaning is different; it refers to a light rain or,rather, drizzling (which is believed to be good for mushrooms to grow,hence the use of the word gribnoj). [Vadim Kassevitch]3. I don't know the official etymology of gribnoj dozhd', but folk beliefis that it is called this way because it presents ideal conditions formushroom growing -- a combination of moisture and warmth. Since mushroomcollecting is one of the favourite Russian pastimes, this is how Russianslook at this weather phenomenon. [Natalia Kondrashova]4. In Russian, slepoj 'blind' sometimes means 'pale', e.g. slepajapechat', literally 'blind print', which refers to being unable to read atext because it is illegible or pale. [Denis Akhapkine]5. I think the explanation [for some people using 'mushroom rain' and someusing 'pale rain'] is to be found 'in the world' rather than in thelanguage. The thing is that precisely two things are needed for mushroomsto grow well, i.e. moisture (=rain) AND sufficiently high temperature(=sun). This seems to provoke a rapprochement between slepoj dozhd' andgribnoj dozhd'. Yet, to the best of my knowledge, no standard dictionarygives identical glosses to the two collocations, nor does my personalexperience agree with equating them. (Vadim Kassevitch)6. In the 17-vol. dictionary at _slepoj_, they say it's dozhd' idushchijpri solnce and give a citation from Paustovskij: O slepom dozhde,idushchem pri solnce, v narode govorjat: 'Carevna plachet'. (FrankGladney)
Rutoro1. 'the leopard is taking her daughter to get married' (MikeWilson-Uganda)
Serbian (?)1. Cigani se xene 'gypsies are getting married' (Igor Milosavljevic,who adds 'I am not sure which language in the former Yugoslaviabrought it forth, Serbian or another.')2. padaju ciganyiki 'it's raining little gypsies' (Cvijeta Jaksic,who heard this in 1965 or 1966 in Novi Sad, a city northwest ofBelgradein Vojvodina. They add that 'I am not sure that it refers to'sunshower' and not, for example to a snow flurry.')3. djavoli se zhene 'the devils are getting married' [according toLada Popovic, this expression is used for a major blizzard orsnowstorm.]4. tonja [meaning not provided--something like 'flood'?] (Tuzla,northern Bosnia--Miroslav Asic)
Spanish1. llueve con sol, se casa una vieja 'Rain with sun, an old womanmarries' (San Rafael de Ojo de Agua, Argentina--James Fidelholtz;Uruguay--Elisa Steinberg)2. la venada esta' dando crio OR la venada esta' teniendo un bebe' ORla venada esta' pariendo 'the doe is giving birth' (Costa Rica--RickMcCallister)3. Las conejas estan pariendo 'the rabbits are giving birth'(Mexico-Alex Sepulveda)4. Llueve y hace sol, anda el diablo en Ferrol 'It's raining and thesun is shining, the devil is going to Ferrol' (Galicia--Maite Taboada)5a. estan casando una bruja 'they are marrying a witch' (PuertoRico--heard by Barbara Avila-Shah from her grandmother)5b. una bruja se esta casando 'a witch is getting married' (PuertoRico-Shari Cole)6. van a pagar los tramposos 'cheating people or swindlers are goingto pay (Mexico--Rosa Garcia)
Sundanese1. hujan poyan 'sunny rain' (West Java, Indonesia--Ben Zimmer)
Swahili1. mvua iki-nyesha wakati jua limetoka tembo/simba anaoarain if.coming-down while sun is.out elephant/lionis.getting.married'if it rains while the sun is shining, the elephant/lion isgetting married'(Tanzania; the man who provided this expression noted that'getting married' is commonly understood as a euphemism for 'having sex'in this context)
Tigrinya1. w9Haria welida 'the fox is giving (gave?) birth'
Turkish1. sheytanlar du'ghu'n yapIyor 'the devils are getting married'(Zihni Sener)
Wolof1. bu de tau dinach legi domi buki de 'when it's raining and the sunis shining, the hyena's child is going to die' (cabbie from Dakkar,Senegal)
Zaza1. shilia lu^ya 'fox rain' (Huseyin Aktas)2. wywe lu^ya 'foxes wedding' (Huseyin Aktas)
Zulu1. 'monkey's wedding' (Lynne Murphy)
Miscellaneous African languages in Nigeria, Uganda, and elsewhere use 'theleopard is giving birth'. (I'm sorry I don't have the exact forms andlocations at the moment.)
ContributorsDenis Akhapkine <denisda2938.spb.edu>Arto Anttila <anttilalouis-xiv.bu.edu>Amalia Arvaniti <amaliaucy.ac.cy>Miroslav D. Asic <masicmath.ohio-state.edu>Barbara Avila-Shah <biaacsu.buffalo.edu>Benjamin Barrett <gogakuix.netcom.com>Hanna Jakubowicz Batoreo <batoreoip.pt>Fred Baube <fredrodan.moremagic.com>Paola Beninca' <benincaux1.unipd.it>David Boruma <borumaearthlink.net>Bert Bultinck <bultinckuia.ua.ac.be>Thalia Chantziara <chantzfas.harvard.edu>George Cole <gscoleark.ship.edu>Shari L Cole <tropicalbeachjuno.com>Dave Cragg <dcragglacscentre.co.uk>Alexis Dimitriadis <alexisunagi.cis.upenn.edu>Paul Fallon <pfallonpaprika.mwc.edu>Gabor Fencsik <gaborwell.com>James L. Fidelholtz <jfidelsiu.buap.mx>Susan Fischer <sdfncrritvax.isc.rit.edu>Rosa J. Garcia Barragan Cordova <rjgcxanum.uam.mx>Paul Geraghty <pgeraghtygovnet.gov.fj>Frank Gladney <gladneyux6.cso.uiuc.edu>Lynne Hewitt <leh5psu.edu>Alex Housen <ahousenvub.ac.be>Shin Ja Hwang <ShinJa_Hwangsil.org>Edit Jakab <enjakabphoenix.Princeton.edu>Cvijeta Jaksic <cvijetahomemail.com>Damir Kalogjera <dkalogjmudrac.ffzg.hr>Vassil Karloukovski <E.Karloukovskiuea.ac.uk>Vadim B. Kassevitch <kasevichvbk.usr.pu.ru>Hyoung-youb Kim <khyoubtiger.korea.ac.kr>Natalia Kondrashova <nyk1cornell.edu>Liudmila Kostiukevich <lvkusm.md>Mai Kuha <mkuhaindiana.edu>Johanna Laakso <jolaaksocc.helsinki.fi>Chungmin Lee <cleehumnet.ucla.edu>Michal Lisecki <maguracn.cz.top.pl>Rick McCallister <rmccallisunmuw1.muw.edu>Peter McGraw <pmcgrawlinfield.edu>Miriam Meyerhoff <mm167cornell.edu>Igor Milosavljevic <igorsedal.usyd.edu.au>Edson Miyamoto <etmpsyche.mit.edu>Lynne Murphy <M_Lynne_Murphybaylor.edu>Timothy Ostler <timocogarch.com>Thomas Paikeday <paikedtmecho-on.net>Phoevos Panagiotidis <epanagessex.ac.uk>Asya Pereltsvaig <aperelpo-box.mcgill.ca>Jose Pinto de Lima <ajisousalimamail.telepac.pt>Lada Popovic <lada_intouch.bc.ca>Xose L. Regueira <fgregueiusc.es>Irina Rempt <irinarempt.xs4all.nl>Niina Ripatti <hammerpp.inet.fi>Leonor Santos <leonoropenline.com.br>Thomas F. Shannon <tshannonsocrates.berkeley.edu>Shibliye.asmozart.emu.edu.trElisa Steinberg <esteinbemidway.uchicago.edu>Maite Taboada <flingz7emducms1.sis.ucm.es>Pius ten Hacken <tenhackenubaclu.unibas.ch>Sijmen Tol (?) <blkonbib.nl>Wim Vandenbussche <Wim.Vandenbusschevub.ac.be>Miguel Carrasquer Vidal <mcvwxs.nl>Ben Zimmer <bgzimmermidway.uchicago.edu>